In this reading, we will discuss the last two steps above, gastrulation and organogenesis. Gastrulation and organogenesis together contribute to morphogenesis: the biological processes that results in an organism’s shape and body organization. Organogenesis: the process of organ and issue formation via cell division and differentiation.These tissue layers will go on to produce the tissues and organs of the adult animal. Gastrulation: the dramatic rearrangement (movement) of cells in the blastula to create the embryonic tissue layers.The developing embryos is called a blastula following completion of cleavage. Cleavage: rapid, multiple rounds of mitotic cell division where the overall size of the embryo does not increase.Fertilization: the process of a single sperm cell combining with single egg cell to form a zygote.Explain the relationship between Hox genes and segment identity in animalsĪs we’ve already described, there are four general stages in early animal development:.Describe the roles of induction (cell-cell signaling) and regulation of gene expression in cell specialization and morphogenesis, using the notochord, the neural tube, and somites as examples.Recognize the roles and relationships of the four extra-embryonic membranes in amniotes (birds, reptiles, and mammals).List and describe adult tissue types in animals, and identify major organs arising from each embryonic germ layer.Explain the significance, features, and consequences of gastrulation and organogenesis in early animal development.
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